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Ultraviolet communication in butterflies
Butterflies, or members of the Papilionoidea superfamily, use two ultraviolet signals, UV reflectance or absorbance as a communication system. The ultraviolet region is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum between 10 nm and 400 nm in wavelength. Sensitivity to this region provides butterflies several benefits such as nectar guides for nectar, but it also provides a private communication channel unavailable to predators. With this secure line, butterflies are able to facilitate mating behavior and sex recognition.〔Silberglied RE, Taylor OR. 1973. Ultraviolet differences between sulfur butterflies, Colias eurytheme and C. philodice, and a possible isolating mechanism. Nature. 241:406–408.〕〔Communication in the Ultraviolet
Robert E. Silberglied, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 10 (1979), pp. 373-398〕
==Reflection and absorption==
The ultraviolet communication system has two roles, a sender and a receiver. Butterflies send ultraviolet signals using UV reflectance or UV absorption. The former is accomplished through the use of structural color, the reflection of certain frequencies of light via constructive interference. The production of this structural color in butterflies has been elucidated through the study of ''Eurema lisa'' by Helen Ghiradella.〔Ghiradella, H et al. (1972): “Ultraviolet Reflection of a Male Butterfly: Interference Color caused by Thin-Layer Elaboration of Wing Scales.” Science: 178, 4066,Ppg. 1214-1217.〕 In this particular butterfly, a small yellow portion of the dorsal surface of the wings is directionally UV reflectant. In other words, the image from the UV reflection can only be seen at a distinct range of angles from the point of origin. Electron micrographs determined the scale structure which in turn elucidated the mechanism of UV reflection. UV reflecting scales are composed of raised longitudinal ridges and perpendicular cross ribs that connect the parallel running ridges, forming a grid.〔Ghiradella, H. (1991): “Light and color on the wing: structural colors in butterflies and moths.” Applied Optics: 30, 24, ppg. 3492-3500〕 The ridges possess lamellae that run on top of and parallel to the ridges and microribs on its sides. The partial overlap of lamellae structures causes thin layer interference resulting in the reflection of light with a wavelength within the ultraviolet spectrum.〔 The other ultraviolet signal in butterflies, absorbance, was determined to be governed by pigments called pterins. In wings containing this pigment, the wings are unable to reflect ultraviolet light as well as without the pigment because the pterins absorb the ultraviolet light.〔Obara Y. et al. (2008): "Mate Preference in Males of the Cabbage Butterfly, ''Pieris rapae crucivora'', Changes Seasonally with the Change in Female UV Color." Zoological Science 25, ppg 1-5.〕 Thus, butterflies are able to reflect ultraviolet light as a result of the organization and composition of their wing scales resulting in thin layer constructive interference and can absorb ultraviolet through the action of pterin pigments.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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